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<title>Concert program</title>

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<span id="openzim-page-title" class="mw-page-title-main"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Concert program</span></span>

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<p>

A <b>concert program</b> (in <a href="American_English" title="American English">American English</a>) or <b>concert programme</b> (in <a href="British_English" title="British English">British English</a>) is a selection and ordering, or <a href="Programming_(music)" title="Programming (music)">programming</a>, of <a href="Musical_composition" title="Musical composition">pieces</a> to be performed at an occasion, or <a href="Concert" title="Concert">concert</a>. Concert programs can be organized into a booklet. In some occasions the programs might be simpler, and will be put on a piece of paper. Programs may be influenced by the available <a href="Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">ensemble</a> of <a href="Musical_instrument" title="Musical instrument">instruments</a>, by performer ability or skill, by theme (<a href="Music_history" title="Music history">historical</a>, <a href="Program_music" title="Program music">programmatic</a>, or <a href="Musical_technique" title="Musical technique">technical</a>), by musical concerns (such as <a href="Musical_form" title="Musical form">form</a>), or by allowable time. For example, a brass ensemble may perform an "all brass" program, the pieces of which may be chosen by a theme, such as "all Bach", and the chosen pieces may be ordered so that they build in intensity as the concert progresses. Concert programs may be put together by ensembles, <a href="Conducting" title="Conducting">conductors</a>, or <a href="Music_director" title="Music director">ensemble directors</a>, and are often explained in program notes. The structure of modern concert programs can be traced back to the contributions of <a href="Felix_Mendelssohn" title="Felix Mendelssohn">Felix Mendelssohn</a> while he was director of the <a href="Leipzig_Gewandhaus_Orchestra" title="Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra">Gewandhausorchester</a> in Leipzig. Mendelssohn's programming style consists of an overture (or other short work), a <a href="Concerto" title="Concerto">concerto</a> or <a href="Suite_(music)" title="Suite (music)">suite</a>, an intermission, and then a larger work such as a <a href="Symphony" title="Symphony">symphony</a> or operatic movement. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>

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<p><b>Program notes</b> or <b>annotated concert programs</b> are common where <a href="Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">contemporary</a> or <a href="Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> is being performed. These were introduced in Edinburgh and London in the 1840s, first for <a href="Chamber_music" title="Chamber music">chamber music</a> concerts, notably by <a href="John_Ella" title="John Ella">John Ella</a> and his <a href="Musical_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical Union">Musical Union</a>, under the name "Synoptical Analysis". They became common in symphony concerts in the 1850s. In 1862, the Viennese critic <a href="Eduard_Hanslick" title="Eduard Hanslick">Eduard Hanslick</a> considered this particularly necessary for the English middle class: "Feeling usually uncertain about things aesthetic, the English listener loves direct instruction."<sup id="cite_ref-thorau_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thorau-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Program notes arrived later in continental Europe.

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<p>With his program notes for the Saturday Concerts at the Crystal Palace, <a href="George_Grove" title="George Grove">[George] Grove</a> created a model for the concert culture of the second half of the century in Britain and abroad. He personified what was considered a musical guide for his Victorian contemporaries.

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<div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">— Christian Thorau, 2019<sup id="cite_ref-thorau_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thorau-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div>

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<p>Program notes serve two purposes: to provide historical and background information on the piece, and to give the audience some sense of what to expect, providing what to listen for during the concert. Also provided, if necessary, is information about the conductor and performers of the ensembles, and especially featured soloists. With the presentation of contemporary pieces, it is common to include notes provided by the composer. Program notes may include information about, and quotes or commentary from, the composer, conductor, or performers, as well as provide context regarding the <a href="Dates_of_classical_music_eras" title="Dates of classical music eras">musical era</a>. Programs may also include information about the programmatic or absolute content of the music, including <a href="Musical_analysis" title="Musical analysis">analysis</a>, and may point out details such as <a href="Musical_theme" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical theme">themes</a>, <a href="Musical_motif" class="mw-redirect" title="Musical motif">musical motifs</a>, and <a href="Section_(music)" title="Section (music)">sections</a> or <a href="Movement_(music)" title="Movement (music)">movements</a>.

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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div>

<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Coherence in Concert Programming: A View from the U.K.</i>, International Review of the Aesthetics and Sociology of Music, vol. 45, no. 2, 2014, p. 3. Gothan, Mark.</span>

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<li id="cite_note-thorau-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thorau_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thorau_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Christian Thorau, "'What Ought to be Heard': Touristic Listening and the Guided Ear" in <i>The Oxford Handbook of Music Listening in the 19th and 20th Centuries</i>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">

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</style><a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>9780190466961</bdi>, January 2019, <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Foxfordhb%2F9780190466961.013.9">10.1093/oxfordhb/9780190466961.013.9</a></span>

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<ul><li><a href="Commission_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Commission (music)">Commission (music)</a></li>

<li><a href="Dedication_(art)" title="Dedication (art)">Dedication (art)</a></li>

<li><a href="In_Concert_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="In Concert (disambiguation)">In Concert (disambiguation)</a></li>

<li><a href="Premiere" title="Premiere">Premiere</a></li>

<li><a href="Program_music" title="Program music">Program music</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080924154743/http://facstaff.uww.edu/allsenj/MSO/NOTES/WritingNotes.htm">Guide</a> to writing program notes for <a href="University_of_Wisconsin%E2%80%93Whitewater" title="University of Wisconsin–Whitewater">University of Wisconsin–Whitewater</a> students</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.music.unimelb.edu.au/research/notes.html">Guide</a> to writing program notes for <a href="University_of_Melbourne" title="University of Melbourne">University of Melbourne</a> students</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140422122638/http://54.84.251.220/cgi-bin/AutomatedNotes.pm">Automatic</a> Classical Music Programme Note Generator</li>

<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runyanprogramnotes.com">Archive</a> of program notes for use by orchestras of educational and community arts organizations</li></ul>

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</style><div id="Western_classical_music777" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Classical_music" title="Classical music">Western classical music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Definition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Art_music" title="Art music">Art music</a></li>

<li><a href="Dates_of_classical_music_eras" title="Dates of classical music eras">Dates of eras</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major periods and eras</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Early_music" title="Early music">Early music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Medieval_music" title="Medieval music">Medieval</a></li>

<li><a href="Renaissance_music" title="Renaissance music">Renaissance</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transition_from_Renaissance_to_Baroque_in_instrumental_music" title="Transition from Renaissance to Baroque in instrumental music">Transition to Baroque</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Common_practice_period" title="Common practice period">Common practice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Baroque_music" title="Baroque music">Baroque</a>

<ul><li><a href="Galant_music" title="Galant music">Galant</a></li>

<li><i><a href="Empfindsamkeit_(music)" title="Empfindsamkeit (music)">Empfindsamkeit</a></i></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Classical_period_(music)" title="Classical period (music)">Classical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Transition_from_Classical_to_Romantic_music" title="Transition from Classical to Romantic music">Transition to Romantic</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Romantic_music" title="Romantic music">Romantic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Post-romanticism" title="Post-romanticism">Post-romanticism</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Neue_Musik" title="Neue Musik">New music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Modernism_(music)" title="Modernism (music)">Modernism</a></li>

<li><a href="Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">Contemporary</a></li>

<li><a href="20th-century_classical_music" title="20th-century classical music">20th-century</a></li>

<li><a href="21st-century_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="21st-century classical music">21st-century</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Classical_music_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music in Australia">Australia</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_Brazil#Art_music" title="Music of Brazil">Brazil</a>

<ul><li><a href="History_of_classical_music_in_Porto_Alegre" title="History of classical music in Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Canadian_classical_music" title="Canadian classical music">Canada</a></li>

<li><a href="French_classical_music" title="French classical music">France</a></li>

<li><a href="Music_of_Germany#Classical_music" title="Music of Germany">Germany</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_music_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical music in Ireland">Ireland</a></li>

<li><a href="Italian_classical_music" title="Italian classical music">Italy</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_music_in_Kosovo" title="Classical music in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li>

<li><a href="Russian_classical_music" title="Russian classical music">Russia</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_music_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Classical music of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>

<ul><li><a href="Classical_music_of_Birmingham" title="Classical music of Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Classical_music_of_the_United_States" title="Classical music of the United States">United States</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Students by teacher</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Performance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Concert" title="Concert">Concert</a>

<ul><li><a href="List_of_classical_music_concerts_with_an_unruly_audience_response" title="List of classical music concerts with an unruly audience response">Unruly audience response</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Conducting" title="Conducting">Conducting</a></li>

<li><a href="Musical_ensemble" title="Musical ensemble">Musical ensemble</a></li>

<li><a href="Orchestra" title="Orchestra">Orchestra</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Avant-garde_music" title="Avant-garde music">Avant-garde</a></li>

<li><a href="Baroque_pop" title="Baroque pop">Baroque pop</a></li>

<li><a href="Classical_music_blog" title="Classical music blog">Classical music blog</a></li>

<li><a href="Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental</a></li>

<li><a href="Light_music" title="Light music">Light music</a></li>

<li><a href="New-age_music" title="New-age music">New-age music</a></li>

<li><a href="Progressive_music" title="Progressive music">Progressive music</a></li>

<li><a href="Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">Soundtrack</a>

<ul><li><a href="Film_score" title="Film score">Film score</a></li>

<li><a href="Video_game_music" title="Video game music">Video game music</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Third_stream" title="Third stream">Third stream</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_classical_and_art_music_traditions" title="List of classical and art music traditions">Worldwide traditions</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li><a href="Classical_music_lists" title="Classical music lists">Lists</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_classical_music_genres" title="List of classical music genres">Genres</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_classical_music_composers_by_era" title="List of classical music composers by era">Composers by era</a></li>

<li><a href="List_of_classical_music_festivals" title="List of classical music festivals">Festivals</a></li></ul>

<ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"></span></span> <a href="Outline_of_classical_music" title="Outline of classical music">Outline</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"></span></span> Category</li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"></span> <a href="Portal%3AClassical_music" title="Portal:Classical music">Portal</a></li>

<li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="WikiProject"></span></span> WikiProject</li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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